The Ispah Rebellion (Chinese: 亦思巴奚兵乱; Pinyin: Yìsībāxī Bīngluàn) was a series of civil wars in Fujian, China (then the Great Yuan Empire) occurring in the middle of 14th century. The term Ispah might derive from the Persian word "سپاه" (sepâh) meaning "army" or "Sepoy". Thus, the rebellion is also known as the Persian Sepoy Rebellion (波斯戍兵之乱; Bōsī Shùbīng zhī Luàn) in Chinese documents.
Under Mongolian rule, the number of Arabic and Persian Muslims residing in the Chinese seaport city Quanzhou was greatly boosted. These Muslims were classified under the Semu caste (色目人) superior to Han Chinese, holding high positions in the society. In 1357, an army of predominantly Muslims led by two Quanzhou Persians, Saif ad-Din (赛甫丁) and Amir ad-Din (阿迷里丁), was mobilized to suppress the local insurgences. In defiance of Imperial forces, the army seized hold of Quanzhou, Xinghua (today Putian) and even overreached themselves to the provincial capital Fuzhou. In 1362, the Ispah army collapsed into internal conflict and was eventually crushed in 1366 by the Chinese commander Chen Youding (陈友定).
The Rebellion added fuel to the interracial hatred. After the Han Chinese took control of Quanzhou, they committed mass murder of Semu people, which led to an exodus of the foreign community in this city. The importance of Quanzhou as an international seaport had been declining ever since.